sX¡³ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse ]gb-Ime kphn-tij-h¡-cWw

]Xn-s\«mw \qäm-­m-cw-`-¯n t\aw tI{µ-am¡n sX¡³ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ DÄ\m-Sp-I-fn Cutim-k-`-¡mÀ Bcw-`n¨ XymK-]qÀ®hpw hotcm-Nn-X-hp-amb anj³ {]hÀ¯-\-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnh-c-§Ä Cutim-k`m sshZn-I-\mb Un. s^tdmfn  Fgp-Xnb ‘Z Pkyq«vkv C³ ae-_mÀ’ F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯n \n¶pw e`n-¡p-¶p.  anj³ {]hÀ¯-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« A¶s¯ ae-_mÀ,  I\ym-Ip-amcn apX hS-t¡m«v C¶s¯ tIc-f-¯n-sâbpw Xan-gv\m-Sn-sâbpw an¡ {]tZ-i-§fpw DÄs¸-«-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.  t\aw anjsâ Iogn kphn-tij {]tLm-jWw \S-¯nb {]ap-J-cmb Cutim-k`m sshZn-I-cmWv  samtd-täm, tPm¬ tabv\m-Uv, s_ÀWmÀUv Uokm, kth-cntbm t_mÀKn-kv, ]oäÀ amÀ«n³, IÀhm-tem, hnsb-cm, Ieo-\n, _nKm-¥n-b, _p«m-cn, täma-ko\n F¶n-hÀ.  Ch-cn c­p-t]À {^©p-Imcpw \mep-t]À t]mÀ«p-Ko-kp-Imcpw A©p-t]À Cä-en-¡m-cp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

tKmh-bn-ep-­m-bn-cp¶ Cutim-k`m t{]mhn³kv 1601þ hn`-Pn¨v sIm¨n BØm-\-am¡n ae-_mÀ s{]mhn³kv cq]w-sIm-­p.  Cutim-k-`-¡m-cpsS kphn-ti-j-h¡-c-W- bÚw Xoc-{]-tZ-i-§-fn am{Xw HXp¡n \nÀ¯n-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw ImÀjn-I- hr-¯n-bn GÀs¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw 1701þev ae-_mÀ s{]mhn³jy ]cm-Xn-s¸«p.  Xan-gv\m-«nse I\ym-Ip-amcn PnÃ-bnepw tIc-f-¯nse s\¿m-än³I-c, s\Sp-a-§mSv Xmeq-¡p-I-fn-ep-apÅ P\-kw-Jy-bn `qcn-]£w hcp¶ \mSmÀ kap-Zm-b-¡m-cpsS {][m\ sXmgn Irjn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.  Ahsc am\-km-´-c-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm-\pÅ BZy-Ime anj-\-dn-am-cpsS {iaw hn^-e-am-bn.

\mSmÀ kaq-l-¯n-\p-Ån-te¡v IS-¶p-sN¶v kphn-tij {]tLm-jWw \S-¯p-¶-Xn hnPbw hcn¨ BZys¯ t{]jn-X³ ]m. samtctäm Bbn-cp-¶p.  1680þ Hcp \mSmÀ kv{XobpsS am\-km-´-c-t¯m-sS-bmWv \mSmÀ kap-Zm-b-¡mÀ¡n-S-bn hS-¡³Ip-f¯v BZy-ambn Hcp ss{IkvXh kaqlw cq]w sIm­-Xv.  1685þ AhnsS ]Ån ]Wn-bp-Ibpw 1701þ Ønc-amb tZhm-ebw Øm]n-X-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.  AXn-\p-tijw   `mc-Xob k\ym-kn-am-cpsS BNm-c-§Ä A\p-jvTn¨ sIm­v DbÀ¶ PmXn-¡mÀ¡n-S-bn anj-\-dn-bm-bn-cp¶ ^m. tabv\mUv \S-¯nb am\-km-´c {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä hnP-b-I-c-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw hnPm-Xo-bÀ IqsS Úm\-kv\m\w kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶p a\-Ên-em-¡nb taÂPm-Xn-¡mÀ hnizmkw Dt]-£n-¨p.  AXn-\m XpSÀ¶pw \mSmÀ kap-Zm-b-¡mÀ¡n-S-bn¯s¶ tabv\mUv {i² tI{µo-I-cn-¨p.  Ing-¡³ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse acp-§qÀ tI{µ-am¡n {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp¶ ^m. Uok Fgp-Xnb I¯n Ahn-sS-bp-­mb Xo{h-amb hcĨ, ]Ån ]Wn-X-Xn ssZh-§Ä tIm]n¨p \ÂInb in£-bm-sW¶v Hcp hn`mKw Btcm-]n-¨-Xmbn ImWp-¶p.  InW-dp-I-fnepw Ipf-§-fnepw \n¶v shÅw tImcp-¶Xv AhÀ XS-bp-Ibpw \nÝnX ka-b-¯n\p ap¼v ag s]bvXn-sÃ-¦n ]Ån Aán-¡n-c-bm-¡p-sa¶v  `oj-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp.  `b-hn-lz-e-cmb P\-§Ä \mSp-hn«p t]mIp-hm³ Xocp-am-\n-¨p.  F¶m B Znhkw apgp-h³ AXyp-jvW-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw cm{Xn s]bvX tLmc-a-g-bn Ipf-§-sfÃmw Ihn-sªm-gp-In.  ]Ån \in-¡msX \ne-sIm-­p.

Xan-gv\m-«nse hS-¡³Ipf-¯pÅ \mSmÀ kap-Zm-b-¡mÀ¡n-S-bnse hnP-b-I-c-amb kphn-tij {]hÀ¯\w Cutim-k-`-¡mÀ¡p {]tNm-Z\w \ÂIn.  ]­m-c-kzm-an-I-fpsS thjw [cn¨ GXm\pw Cutim-k`m anj-\-dn-amÀ C¶v s\¿m-än³Ic cq]-X-bpsS `mK-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ t\aw F¶ {Kma-¯n F¯n-t¨À¶p.  Ah-cpsS {][m\ e£yw khÀ®-cp-sS-bn-S-bn-epÅ am\-km-´-c-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw AX{X Ffp-¸-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.  AXp-sIm­v {]IrXym ITn-\m-²zm-\n-I-fm-bn-cp¶ \mSmÀ kap-Zm-b-¡mÀ¡n-S-bn AhÀ kphn-tij {]hÀ¯-\-am-cw-`n-¨p.  1698þ Cutim-k`m s{]mhn³jym-fm-bn-cp¶ ^m. B³{Uq tKmakv t\a¯v Hcp anj³ Øm]n-¡m³ {ian-¨p-sh-¦nepw At±-l-¯nsâ {iaw ]ph-Wn-ªn-Ã.  1701þ kth-cnb t_mÀKnkv F¶ Cä-en-¡m-c-\mb Cutim-k`m sshZn-I-\mWv t\aw anj³ Bcw-`n-¨-Xv.

C´ym-¡m-cpsS BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä ]men-¡p¶ Hcp k\ym-kn-sb-t¸mse thjw [cn¨ At±lw acpw-Kq-dn \n¶pw t\aw ae-I-fpsS ASn-hm-c-¯n F¯n-t¨À¶p.  Hcp sslµh {]amWn \ÂInb Øe¯v ]Ånbpw hk-Xnbpw \nÀ½n¨v Ahn-sS-bp-­m-bn-cp¶ Bfp-IÄ¡v At±lw kphn-tij shfn¨w ]IÀ¶p.  F¶m Ah-scÃmw A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX hnizmkw Dt]-£n-¨p.  ]cn-N-b-k-¼-¶-\mb ^m. Uokm-bpsS D]-tZ-i -{]-Imcw kXy-\m-Y³ F¶ D]-tZ-insb Ahn-sS-bpÅ {]hÀ¯-\-¯n-\mbn Ab-¨p.  Hcp ]­m-c-¯nsâ thjw [cn-¨n-cp¶ At±-l-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯-\-^-e-ambn {]am-Wn-am-cpÄs¸sS t\a¯pw ]cn-k-c -{]-tZ-i-§-fn-ep-ap-­m-bn-cp¶ [mcmfw Bfp-IÄ hnizmkw kzoI-cn-¨p.  Hcp sslµh ]ptcm-ln-Xsâ am\-km-´cw aäp ]e DtZym-K-Ø-cp-sSbpw t\aw PnÃm- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-sSbpw am\-km-´-c-¯n\p hgn sXfn-¨p.  1703þ ChnsS h¶v CXv I­ ^m. t_mÀKnkv ap¸-tXmfw t]À¡v Úm\-kv\m\w \ÂIn-b-Xn\p tijw kt´m-j-]qÀÆw acpw-Kq-dn-te¡p aS-§n.

F¶m Cu kt´mjw A[n-I-\mÄ \o­p \n¶n-Ã.  BZyambn Úm\-kv\m\w kzoI-cn-¨-bmÄ 40 Znh-k-¯n\p tijw ac-W-a-S-ªp.  sslµh tZh-·m-cpsS in£-bm-Wn-sX¶p IcpXn `bs¸« ]ecpw hnizmkw Dt]-£n-¨p.  CX-dnª ^m. t_mÀKnkv ZpxJn-X-\m-bn.  GXm\pw amk-§Ä¡p tijw At±lw t\aw kµÀin¨v NnX-dn-t¸m-b-hsc hnfn¨p Iq«n AhÀ¡v ss[cyw ]IÀ¶p.  c­p amk-§Ä¡p tijw ho­pw Ccp-]-tXmfw t]À¡v Úm\kv\m\w \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvXp.  ]oU-\-¯nsâ ^e-ambn t\a-¯p-­m-bn-cp¶ ]Ån \in-¸n-¡-s¸-«-Xn-s\-¯p-SÀ¶v AhnsS ^m. amÀ«n³ ]Wn Ign-¸n¨ ]Ånbpw Aán-_m-[-bn \in¨p t]mbn.  F¶m t\aw anjsâ hÀ²n¨p hcp¶ {]m[m\yw IW-¡n-se-Sp¯v 1708þ a[pc anj-\n \n¶pw AXns\ thÀs]-Sp-¯n. AXnsâ ^e-ambn t\aw anj-\n {]tXyIw kp¸o-cn-bdpw anj-\-dn-amcpw {]hÀ¯-\-am-cw-`n-¨p.  1709 Pq¬ amkw 16þmw XobXn t\a¯v F¯n-t¨-c¶ ^m. sska¬  Un. IÀhm-tem-bpsS {]hÀ¯\ ^e-ambn Pqsse amk-¯n Bdp t]À Úm\-kv\m\w kzoI-cn-¨p-sh¶pw ]pXp-X-bmbn ]Wn-I-gn-¸n¨ ]Ån hnip² tPmk-^n\v kaÀ¸n¨v kzÀ¤m-tcm-]nX Xncp-\mÄ Znhkw BZys¯ Znhy-_-en-bÀ¸n-¨p-sh¶pw At¶ Znhkw ]{´­p t]À Úm\-kv\m\w kzoI-cn-¨p-sh¶pw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.  ^m. Uokmsb ]n´p-SÀ¶ ^m. IÀhm-tem-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-^-e-ambn t\a-¯pÅ D¶-X-Ip-e-Pm-X-cmb ]ecpw {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-¨p.

Cub-h-k-c-¯n t\a-¯p-­m-bn-cp¶ ^m. ]oäÀ amÀ«n³ Bbn-c-t¯mfw t]À¡v Úm\-kv\m\w \ÂIn.  1711þ ^m. Uokm Cugh kap-Zm-b-¡m-cmb 233 t]À¡v Úm\-kv\m\w \ÂIn.  IqSmsX shÅm-f, sN«n kap-Zm-b-§-fnÂs¸« [mcmfw Bfp-IÄ {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-¨-Xmbn ImWp-¶p.  1712þ t\aw anj-\n ho­pw ]oU-\-ap-­m-bn. acpw-KqÀ F¶ Øe¯v {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-¨-h-cn ]ecpw aÀ±n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sImÅ-b-Sn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh-¦nepw hnizm-k-¯n\p th­n AhÀ AsXÃmw £am-]qÀÆw kln-¨p.  1716þ t\a-¯p-­m-bn-cp¶ ^m. ämh-sc-knsâ {]hÀ¯\ ^e-ambn \mbÀ kap-Zm-b-¯nÂs¸« {]mb-]qÀ¯n-bmb 202 Bfp-IÄ Úm\-kv\m\w kzoI-cn-¨p.  1716þ t\aw anj³ 5 ]Ån-Ifpw 12 D]-tZ-in-amcpw D­m-bn-cp-¶p.  kphn-tij {]Nm-c-W-¯n-\mbn anj-\-dn-amÀ Atlm-cm{Xw A²zm-\n-¨n-cp-¶p.  {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-¨-hcpw kzoI-cn-¡m-¯hpw X½n hnizm-k-s¯bpw BNm-c-§-sfbpw kw_-Ôn-¨pÅ \nc-´-c-amb Ie-lhpw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p.  Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn ss{IkvX-h-cpsS kwJy hÀ²n¨p h¶-Xn-\m 1713þ s{]mhn³jym-fm-bn-cp¶ ^m. am\p-h s]tc-c, ^m. At´mWn ämh-sckv F¶ asämcp sshZn-I-s\-¡qsS t\aw anj-\n-te-¡-b-¨p.  B ka-b¯v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse k`-bn \mem-bn-c-¯n-e-[nIw It¯m-en-¡À D­m-bn-cp-¶p.  ]ß-\m-`- ]p-c-¯n-\-Sp¯v DZ-b-Kn-cn-t¡m-«-bn-epÅ ]Ånbpw Ahn-sS-bpÅ ih-Ip-So-c-§fpw kao-]-Ø-amb Xncp-hn-Xmw-tIm-Snse ]pcm-X-\-]-Ånbpw A¡m-e¯v Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ ssk\y tkh-\-¯n {InkvXym-\n-IÄ¡p-­m-bn-cp¶ {]m[m-\y-t¯bpw Øm\-a-ln-a-tbbpw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀ½ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ Ime¯v 1741þ \S¶ Ipf-¨Â bp²-¯n U¨p-ImÀ ]cm-Pn-X-cm-bn.  XS-hp-Im-cmbn ]nSn-¡-s¸« 24 t]cn _ÂPnbw kztZ-inbpw It¯m-en-¡-\p-amb Une-t\m-bnbpw D­m-bn-cp-¶p.  amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀ½ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ AwK-c-£-I-\mbpw ]n¶oSv ]S-¯-e-h-\mbpw kÀÆ-ssk-\ym-[n-]-\mbpw 37 hÀjw tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn¨ Une-t\m-bn-bn \n¶pw {InkvXp-aX XXz-§Ä ]Tn¨ \oe-I-WvT-¸nÅ Úm\-kv\m\w kzoI-cn¨v tZh-k-lm-bw-]n-Å-bm-b-tXmsS ØnXn-K-Xn-IÄ amdn-a-dn-bp-Ibpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn aX-]o-U\w Bcw-`n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.  1752 P\p-hcn amkw 14þmw XobXn At±lw cà-km-£nXzw hcn-¨p.  tZh-k-lm-bw-]n-Å-bpsS hoc-N-c-a-¯n\p tijw tdma³ It¯m-en-¡m-a-Xs¯ A]-l-kn¨v ap¡p-h-a-X-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn cmPmhv  hnfw-_cw sNbvXp.  DÄ\m-«nse ]Ån-Ifpw aX-Øm-]-\-§fpw It¯m-en¡m IÀ½m-\p-jvTm-\-§fpw cmP-im-k\ {]Imcw \nÀ¯-em-¡p-Ibpw {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-h-cpsS hkvXp-h-I-IÄ I­p-sI-«p-Ibpw sNbvXp.  anj-Wn-amÀ Øew hnSp-Itbm Xoc-{]-tZ-i-§-fn-te¡p \o§p-Itbm sNbvXp.  ]eÀ¡pw Øew Dt]-£n-t¡­n h¶p.  AXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v ]g-h-§m-Sn-bn Xma-kn-¨n-cp¶ It¯m-en-¡-cn {InkvXp-aXw Dt]-£n-¡m-Xn-cp¶ Xan-gÀ Ip¶p-Ip-gn-bn-te¡pw ae-bm-fn-IÄ t]«-bn-te¡pw amdn-¯m-a-kn-¨Xpw A¶p-hsc ss{IkvX-h-cm-bn-cp¶ GgqÀs¨-«n-IÄ {InkvXp-aXw Dt]-£n-¨Xpw.

C¶m-«nse ss{IkvX-h-cpsS ]qÀÆn-IÀ¡v A\p-`-hn-t¡­n h¶ {Iqc-aÀ±-\-§Ä koam-Xo-X-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v Ncn{X tcJ-IÄ km£yw \ÂIp-¶p.  amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀ½ cmPm-hnsâ Ime¯v cma-¿³ Zfhbpw [À½-cm-Pm-sh-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ ImÀ¯nI Xncp-\mÄ cma-hÀ½ cmPm-hnsâ Ime¯v {]Y-am-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp¶ sN¼-I-cm-a³ ]nÅbpw At±-l-¯nsâ A\p-P³ \mKw-]nÅ kÀÆm-[n-Im-cnbpw ss{IkvX-hsc ]oUn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn B\µw I­p.  Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS, {]tXy-In¨v \mSmÀ {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sS, `h-\-§Ä B{I-an-¡p-Ibpw kzÀ®hpw shÅn-bp-saÃmw ssIh-i-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw  sN¿p-¶-Xn {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp¶p \mKw-]n-Å.  {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ta \nc-´cw Ipäm-    tcm-]Ww \S-¯p-Ibpw ]nSn-¨p-sI-«n-s¡m­p h¶v “taÂhn-Nm-cn-¸p” \S¯n in£bv¡p hnt[-b-cm-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.  ]oU\ \S-]-Sn-I-fn `bm-{Im-´-cmb Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n-\m-fp-IÄ ae-{¼-tZ-i-§-fn HmSn-sbm-fn-¨-Xmbn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.  X§Ä A\p-`-hn¨ ]oU-\-§Äs¡-Xn-cmbn {InkvXym-\n-IÄ 1784þ [À½-cm-Pm-hn\p kaÀ¸n¨ sat½m-dmWvUw ]ufo-t\mkv ]mXncn Xsâ ‘]u-c-kvXy-`m-c-X-¯nse ss{IkvX-h-a-Xw’ (C´y Hmdn-b-´m-fnkv {InkvXym\) F¶ {KÙ-¯n \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.  sat½m-dm-WvU-¯nsâ ]qÀ® cq]w NphsS tNÀ¡p-¶p:

“tIm-hfw apX hS¡v Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw hscbpw ]Sn-ªmdv IS¯ocw apX Ing-t¡m«v ]Ýn-a-L«w hscbpw Cu ae-{¼-tZ-i¯p \n¶p sX¡p ]Sn-ªm-dpÅ `mK¯pw Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw tIm«bv¡p sX¡p Ing¡v `mK¯pw A[n-h-kn-¡p¶ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS {]P-Ifpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-amb R§Ä Ahn-Ss¯ Xr¸m-Z-§-fn kmjvSmwKw  {]W-an¨p sIm­v Cu k¦S lÀPn kaÀ¸n-¨p-sIm-Åp-¶p.

R§Ä ASna tPmen-I-fn-emWv GÀs¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-sX-¦nepw ]Xnhp ]Whpw  Ipdn-¸-Whpw sX§n³ tXm¸n \n¶v In«p¶ BZm-b-¯nsâ \men Hcp Hml-cnbpw \nIp-Xn-bmbn sImSp-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv.  AXp-t]mse Xs¶ ]pg-I-fnepw Ipf-§-fnepw s]mXp-\n-c-¯p-I-fnepw {]hr-¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v s\Ãpw iÀ¡-cbpw {]Xn-^-e-am-bn«p sImSp-¡p-¶p-­v.  IqSmsX R§fpw A²zm-\n-¡p-¶p-­v.  F¶n-cp-¶mepw R§Ä {InkvXym-\n-I-fm-b-Xn-\mepw R§-fpsS ssZhs¯ Bcm-[n-¡p-¶Xp sIm­pw hnip-²-cpsS t]cp-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡p-¶Xp sIm­pw lnµp-¡-fpsS hn{K-l-§sf R§Ä Xnc-kvI-cn-¡p-¶Xp sIm­pw {InkvXob \nb-a-§fpw BNm-c-§fpw Dt]-£n-¡m\pw t]cp-IÄ amän hn{K-l-§-fpsS t]cp-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡m\pw R§Ä \nÀ_-Ôn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.  R§Ä \nÀ²-\cpw IogvPmXn (I-cn-©m-Xn)-¡m-cpamWv.  AXp-sIm­v AhÀ R§sf ]nSn¨p sI«p-Ibpw ]pfn-¡¼p sIm­pw Ben³hSn sIm­pw Imev]mZw apX Igp-¯p-hsc càw s]m«n-¨n-X-dp-¶Xp hsc ASn¨p ]oUn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.  AhÀ R§sf XS-hn-en-Sp-Ibpw I¿pw Imepw XSn-bn _Ôn-¡p-Ibpw Nne-t¸mÄ N§-e-bv¡n-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.  Cu coXn-bn¯-s¶-bmWv R§-fpsS kv{XoI-tfmSpw Ip«n-I-tfmSpw AhÀ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv.  ico-c-¯nsâ ssZ\w-Zn\ Bh-iy-§Ä ]pd-¯p-t]mbn \nÀÆ-ln-¡m³ t]mepw AhÀ R§sf A\p-h-Zn-¡m-dn-Ã.  C¡m-c-W§-fm R§-fnÂs¸« Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\p  P\-§Ä ae-{¼-tZ-i-§-fn HmSn c£-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.  R§-fpsS IpSnepw InS-¸m-S-§fpw \new-]-cn-im-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.  ]nSn-¡-s¸-«-hsc Xncp-hm-t¦m-Sv, N¡-e, sh¸-¶qÀ, CS-am-en, AK-kvtXy-izcw F¶o Øe-§-fn Xncp-hm-Xn-c-t¡m-e-§-fpsS a«n hÅn sIm­v hr£-§-fn sI«n-¯q¡n ASn¨p {hW-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.  càw IpSn-¡p¶ ae-b-«-Isf Nnc-«-bn-em¡n R§-fpsS \m`n-bn h¨p-sI-«p-¶p.  R§-fpsS I®p-I-fnepw aq¡p-I-fnepw AhÀ Ipcp-ap-fIp s]mSn hnX-dp-¶p.  R§-tfbpw Ip«n-I-tfbpw ASn¨p {hW-s¸-Sp-¯nb tijw Np«p-h-gp¯ a®n-en«v Dcp-«p-¶p.  1782 sk]väw-_À apX 1783 G{]n amkw hsc Cu ]oU-\-§Ä¡v R§Ä hnt[-b-cm-bn.  Ct¸mgpw R§-fpsS \qdp-I-W-¡n\v ktlm-Z-c-§Ä Imcm-Kr-l-§-fn {Iqc-ambn ]oUn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-­v.  CsXÃmw kln-¡p-¶Xv R§Ä kXy-ssZ-hs¯ Bcm-[n-¡p-¶Xp sIm­pw Ahn-Ss¯ {]P-IÄ Bb-Xp-sIm-­p-am-Wv.  A§-bpsS DtZym-K-Ø-·mÀ Agn-¨p-hn« Cu ]oU-\-§Ä Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-hm³ \S-]-Sn-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw A§-bpsS cmPy¯p \n¶v HmSn c£-s¸-Sm³ A\p-h-Zn-¡-cp-sX¶pw A§-bpsS cmPy¯p kpc-£n-X-cmbpw kuay-X-tbm-sSbpw Pohn-¡m³ A§-bpsS ss]XrI kwc-£-W-bn R§sf ]cn-]m-en-¡-W-sa¶pw kmjvSmwK {]Wmaw sNbvXp sIm­v A§-tbmSv R§Ä At]-£n-¡p¶p”.

t\aw anjsâ ]cn-[n-bn-ep-­m-bn-cp¶ ss{IkvX-hÀ aäp aX-Ø-cp-sSbpw  A[n-Imcn hÀ¤-¯n-sâbpw \njvTp-c-amb aX-]o-U-\-§sf AXn-Po-hn-¨p-sIm-­n-cp-¶p.  Cu kµÀ`-¯n-emWv Cutim-k-`sb temI-hym-]-I-ambn \nÀ¯Â sN¿m-\pÅ Xocp-am\w A¶s¯ amÀ¸m-¸-bn \n¶pw D­m-b-Xv.  1760þI-fn t]mÀ«p-Kokv tImf-\n-I-f-n Cutim-k` \ntcm-[n-¡-s¸-«-tXmsS t\aw anj³ {]hÀ¯-\-c-ln-X-am-bn.  F¦nepw täma-Êo\n XpS-§nb Cutim-k`m sshZn-IÀ FÃm {]Xn-kÔnItfbpw AXn-Po-hn¨v AXy-[nIw kml-kn-I-X-tbmsS t{]jnX {]hÀ¯\w XpSÀ¶p \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶-Xn\v Ncn{X tcJ-IÄ km£yw hln-¡p-¶p.  t]mÀ«p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS A[n-Im-c-ko-a-bn-ep-­m-bn-cp¶ Cutim-k-`-¡msc \nÀ_-Ôn¨v t]mÀ«p-K-ense Pbn-ep-I-fn-e-S-¨p.  C´y³ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS A[o-\-X-bn-ep-­m-bn-cp-¶-hsc tKmh-bn-te¡v s]mbvs¡m-Åm³ BÚm-]n-¨p-sh-¦nepw AhÀ AX-\p-k-cn-¨n-Ã.  X§Ä¡p-­m-bn-cp¶ anj-\p-I-fpsS Imcy-§Ä \S¯n h¶v Ah-cpsS A´yw Ipdn-¨Xv tcmKhpw ac-W-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

Cutim-k-`m-an-j-\-dn-amÀ ]IÀ¶ hnizm-k-Zo]w AWªp t]mImsX Akm-am\y [oc-X-tbmSpw ASn-bp-d¨ hnizm-k-t¯mSpw IqsS Im¯p kq£n¨ \nc-h[n [oc-c-à-  km-£n-IÄ Chn-sS-bp-­m-bn-cp-¶p.  B Zo]vXn-bn \n¶p-Û-hn¨ t\aw anj-\mWv  s\¿m-än³Ic cq]-X-bpsS ]nÅ-s¯m-«n F¶p-]-d-bmw.  Cutim-k` \ntcm-[n-¡-s¸-«n-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦n `mc-X-k-`-bp-sS, {]tXy-In¨v t\aw anj-sâ, `mK-am-bn-cp¶ C¶s¯ s\¿m-än³Ic cq]-X-bpsS apJ-Ñm-bbv¡p Xs¶ amäw hcp-am-bn-cp-¶p.  am{X-a-Ã, hnhn[ cwK-§-fn-epÅ \nc-h[n hnI-k\ {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw ChnsS D­m-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶p.

Cutim-k` \ndp-¯-em-¡-s¸-«-tXmsS sX¡³ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse k`bv¡v CS-b-\n-Ãm¯ AhØ kwPm-X-am-bn.  \nc-h[n ]oU-\-§Ä¡v ss{IkvX-hÀ Cc-bm-bn.  AXnsâ _lnÀkv^p-cWw AhÀ [À½-cm-Pm-hn\p kaÀ¸n¨ sat½m-dm-­-¯n Zriy-am-Wv.  ]oU-\-§Ä¡v Abhp h¶-tXmsS kzX-{´-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡m³ IÀt½m-Õp-I-cmb IÀ½-eo-¯m-an-j-\-dn-amÀ cwK¯p h¶p.  XnIª ssh`-h-t¯mSpw XymK-k-¶-²-X-tbmSpw IqsS AhÀ \mY-\n-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ AP-K-Ws¯ ss[cy-]qÀÆw ssI]n-Sn¨p \S-¯n.  AXmWv sX¡³ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ DÄ\m-Sp-I-fn Bg-¯n thtcm-Snb ss{IkvXh kaq-l-§Ä.

t\aw anjsâ BØm\w Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v IrXy-ambn ]d-bm³ Ign-bp-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw GXm­v ap¶qdp hÀj-§Ä¡p ap¼v Cutim-k-`m-an-j-\-dn-am-cpsS {]b-Xv\-^-e-ambn C¶s¯ t\a-¯n\p kao-]-apÅ Imcbv¡m aWvU-]¯v hnip² At´m-\o-knsâ \ma-t[-b-¯n Hcp anj³ skâÀ Øm]n-X-am-bn-cp-¶p.  a®p-sIm­p ]WnX Nphcpw Hme-ta¡q-cbpw IS¸pdw a®p-\n-d¨ Xd-bp-apÅ Hcp {]mÀ°-\m-e-b-am-bn-cp¶p AXv.  aX-]o-U-\-^-e-ambn Ahn-sS-bp-­m-bn-cp¶ BZy-Ime hnizm-kn-I-fn A[n-Ihpw hnizmkw Dt]-£n-¡m³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-cm-bn.  F¦nepw {ItaW kphn-ti-j-¯nsâ hn¯p-IÄ apf¨p hfÀ¶p.  ]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm-­m-cw-`-¯n hfÀ¶v   Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-­m-cw-`-¯n sX¡³ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn h¶ IÀ½-eo-¯m -an-j-\-dn-am-cpsS {ia-^-e-ambn cq]w-sIm­ CS-hI kaq-l-amWv Ct¸mÄ Chn-sS-bp-Å-Xv.  Imew IS¶p t]mb-t¸mÄ tZhm-e-b-¯nsâ Nphcpw ta¡q-cbpw PoÀ®n-¡p-Ibpw DÄhiw A]-cym-]vX-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-\m Cu ]pcmX\ Bcm-[-\m-ebw 1983þ ]pXp-¡n-¸-Wn-bp-I-bp-­m-bn.

anj-\-dn-amÀ X§-fpsS kphn-tij {]hÀ¯-\-am-cw-`n¨ Ime¯v C¶m-«n \ne- \n-¶n-cp¶ kmaqly hyhØnXn C¶p \mw A\p-`-hn-¡p-¶-Xn \n¶pw XoÀ¯pw hn`n-¶-am-bn-cp-¶p.  Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn ‘PmXn acymZ’ ]men-¡p-I-sb-¶Xv P\-§-fpsS IS-a-bm-bn-cp-¶p.  PmXn t{iWn-b-\p-k-cn¨v \nÝ-bn-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶ tPmen-IÄ am{Xta AhÀ sN¿m³ ]mSp-Åq.  Xmgv¶ PmXn-bn s]«-hÀ¡v kvIqfn t]mImt\m s]mXp-\n-c-¯p-I-fn k©-cn-¡mt\m t£{X-§Ä¡p-Ån {]th-in-¡mt\m kzmX-{´y-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p.  ta   Pm-Xn-¡mÀ¡p th­n kqtcym-Zbw apX AkvX-abw hsc AhÀ ITn-\-ambn A²zm-\n-¨n-cp-¶p.  ASn-a-hy-h-Øbpw \ne-hn-en-cp-¶p.  hntZ-i-an-j-\-dn-amÀ Bcw-`n¨ hnZym-`ymk {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä aX-þ-km-aq-ly-þ-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-þ-km-¼-¯n-I-þ-cm-jv{Sob cwK-§-fn Ne-\-ap-­m-¡n.  hnZym-`ymkw kphn-tij {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡pÅ Hcp am[y-a-ambn AhÀ  IW-¡m-¡n.  kaq-l-¯n \ne-hn-en-cp¶ PmXn hyh-Øbv¡pw AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-Ôn-¨p-­m-bn-cp¶ sXm«p-Iq-Sm-bvabv¡pw Xo­n-¡q-Sm-bvabv¡pw Abhp hcp-¯p-¶-Xn\v hnZym-`ymkw klm-bn-¨p.  kv{XoIÄ¡v kaq-l-¯n-ep-­m-bn-cp¶ Øm\w hÀ²n-¡p-Ibpw Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡m-cpsS AhØ DbÀ¯-s¸-Sp-Ibpw [mcmfw AÔ-hn-izm-k-§Ä CÃm-Xm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.  {ItaW bm{X sN¿p-¶-Xnepw B`-c-W-§Ä AWn-bp-¶-Xn\pw GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp¶ hne-¡p-IÄ CÃm-Xm-bn.